Escape Sequence In Dev C%2b%2b
When I compile my dos program and execute it, Dev-C minimizes and then restore in a second but nothing appears. When creating a console application, be sure to uncheck “Do not create a console” in Project Options (when working with source files only uncheck “Create for win32” in Compiler Options). Commonly used escape sequences are, t and a. The escape sequences are enclosed in single quotes. Is a new line character and helps in transferring control to the next line. An octal escape sequence terminates at the first character that's not an octal digit, if encountered sooner than the third digit. The highest possible octal value is 377. A hexadecimal escape sequence is a backslash followed by the character x, followed by a sequence of one or more hexadecimal digits. Leading zeroes are ignored.
-->Virtual terminal sequences are control character sequences that can control cursor movement, color/font mode, and other operations when written to the output stream. Sequences may also be received on the input stream in response to an output stream query information sequence or as an encoding of user input when the appropriate mode is set.
You can use GetConsoleMode and SetConsoleMode functions to configure this behavior. A sample of the suggested way to enable virtual terminal behaviors is included at the end of this document.
Escape sequences. There are some characters in C that have special meaning. These characters are called escape sequences. An escape sequence starts with a ‘ ’ (backslash) character, and then a following letter or number. You’ve already seen the most common escape sequence: ‘ ’, which can be used to embed a newline in a string of text. Every letter has its identity. Say character 'A' instructs the machine to store value of 65 in 1 byte to symbolise 'A'. In escape characters we tell the compiler to escape or neglect the meaning of original character and act differently by placing the ' ' symbol before it.Hence the name 'Escape Character'. You can try something like. Escape sequences are used in the programming languages C and C, and their design was copied in many other languages such as Java and C#. Join Bill Weinman for an in-depth discussion in this video, Character-escape sequences, part of C Essential Training (2018).
The behavior of the following sequences is based on the VT100 and derived terminal emulator technologies, most specifically the xterm terminal emulator. More information about terminal sequences can be found at http://vt100.net and at http://invisible-island.net/xterm/ctlseqs/ctlseqs.html.
Output Sequences
The following terminal sequences are intercepted by the console host when written into the output stream, if the ENABLE_VIRTUAL_TERMINAL_PROCESSING flag is set on the screen buffer handle using the SetConsoleMode function. Note that the DISABLE_NEWLINE_AUTO_RETURN flag may also be useful in emulating the cursor positioning and scrolling behavior of other terminal emulators in relation to characters written to the final column in any row.
Simple Cursor Positioning
In all of the following descriptions, ESC is always the hexadecimal value 0x1B. No spaces are to be included in terminal sequences. For an example of how these sequences are used in practice, please see the example at the end of this topic.
The following table describes simple escape sequences with a single action command directly after the ESC character. These sequences have no parameters and take effect immediately.
All commands in this table are generally equivalent to calling the SetConsoleCursorPosition console API to place the cursor.
Cursor movement will be bounded by the current viewport into the buffer. Scrolling (if available) will not occur.
| Sequence | Shorthand | Behavior |
|---|---|---|
| ESC A | CUU | Cursor Up by 1 |
| ESC B | CUD | Cursor Down by 1 |
| ESC C | CUF | Cursor Forward (Right) by 1 |
| ESC D | CUB | Cursor Backward (Left) by 1 |
| ESC M | RI | Reverse Index – Performs the reverse operation of n, moves cursor up one line, maintains horizontal position, scrolls buffer if necessary* |
| ESC 7 | DECSC | Save Cursor Position in Memory** |
| ESC 8 | DECSR | Restore Cursor Position from Memory** |
Note
* If there are scroll margins set, RI inside the margins will scroll only the contents of the margins, and leave the viewport unchanged. (See Scrolling Margins)
**There will be no value saved in memory until the first use of the save command. The only way to access the saved value is with the restore command.
Cursor Positioning
The following tables encompass Control Sequence Introducer (CSI) type sequences. All CSI sequences start with ESC (0x1B) followed by [ (left bracket, 0x5B) and may contain parameters of variable length to specify more information for each operation. This will be represented by the shorthand <n>. Each table below is grouped by functionality with notes below each table explaining how the group works.
For all parameters, the following rules apply unless otherwise noted:
- <n> represents the distance to move and is an optional parameter
- If <n> is omitted or equals 0, it will be treated as a 1
- <n> cannot be larger than 32,767 (maximum short value)
- <n> cannot be negative
All commands in this section are generally equivalent to calling the SetConsoleCursorPosition console API.
Cursor movement will be bounded by the current viewport into the buffer. Scrolling (if available) will not occur.
| Sequence | Code | Description | Behavior |
|---|---|---|---|
| ESC [ <n> A | CUU | Cursor Up | Cursor up by <n> |
| ESC [ <n> B | CUD | Cursor Down | Cursor down by <n> |
| ESC [ <n> C | CUF | Cursor Forward | Cursor forward (Right) by <n> |
| ESC [ <n> D | CUB | Cursor Backward | Cursor backward (Left) by <n> |
| ESC [ <n> E | CNL | Cursor Next Line | Cursor down <n> lines from current position |
| ESC [ <n> F | CPL | Cursor Previous Line | Cursor up <n> lines from current position |
| ESC [ <n> G | CHA | Cursor Horizontal Absolute | Cursor moves to <n>th position horizontally in the current line |
| ESC [ <n> d | VPA | Vertical Line Position Absolute | Cursor moves to the <n>th position vertically in the current column |
| ESC [ <y> ; <x> H | CUP | Cursor Position | *Cursor moves to <x>; <y> coordinate within the viewport, where <x> is the column of the <y> line |
| ESC [ <y> ; <x> f | HVP | Horizontal Vertical Position | *Cursor moves to <x>; <y> coordinate within the viewport, where <x> is the column of the <y> line |
| ESC [ s | ANSISYSSC | Save Cursor – Ansi.sys emulation | **With no parameters, performs a save cursor operation like DECSC |
| ESC [ u | ANSISYSSC | Restore Cursor – Ansi.sys emulation | **With no parameters, performs a restore cursor operation like DECRC |
Note
*<x> and <y> parameters have the same limitations as <n> above. If <x> and <y> are omitted, they will be set to 1;1.
**ANSI.sys historical documentation can be found at https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/cc722862.aspx and is implemented for convenience/compatibility.
Cursor Visibility
The following commands control the visibility of the cursor and its blinking state. The DECTCEM sequences are generally equivalent to calling SetConsoleCursorInfo console API to toggle cursor visibility.
| Sequence | Code | Description | Behavior |
|---|---|---|---|
| ESC [ ? 12 h | ATT160 | Text Cursor Enable Blinking | Start the cursor blinking |
| ESC [ ? 12 l | ATT160 | Text Cursor Disable Blinking | Stop blinking the cursor |
| ESC [ ? 25 h | DECTCEM | Text Cursor Enable Mode Show | Show the cursor |
| ESC [ ? 25 l | DECTCEM | Text Cursor Enable Mode Hide | Hide the cursor |
Tip
The enable sequences end in a lowercase H character (h) and the disable sequences end in a lowercase L character (l). Cod2 key code generator download.
Viewport Positioning
All commands in this section are generally equivalent to calling ScrollConsoleScreenBuffer console API to move the contents of the console buffer.
Caution The command names are misleading. Scroll refers to which direction the text moves during the operation, not which way the viewport would seem to move.
| Sequence | Code | Description | Behavior |
|---|---|---|---|
| ESC [ <n> S | SU | Scroll Up | Scroll text up by <n>. Also known as pan down, new lines fill in from the bottom of the screen |
| ESC [ <n> T | SD | Scroll Down | Scroll down by <n>. Also known as pan up, new lines fill in from the top of the screen |
The text is moved starting with the line the cursor is on. If the cursor is on the middle row of the viewport, then scroll up would move the bottom half of the viewport, and insert blank lines at the bottom. Scroll down would move the top half of the viewport’s rows, and insert new lines at the top.
Escape Sequence In Dev C 2b 2b 1
Also important to note is scroll up and down are also affected by the scrolling margins. Scroll up and down won’t affect any lines outside the scrolling margins.
The default value for <n> is 1, and the value can be optionally omitted.
Text Modification
All commands in this section are generally equivalent to calling FillConsoleOutputCharacter, FillConsoleOutputAttribute, and ScrollConsoleScreenBuffer console APIs to modify the text buffer contents.
| Sequence | Code | Description | Behavior |
|---|---|---|---|
| ESC [ <n> @ | ICH | Insert Character | Insert <n> spaces at the current cursor position, shifting all existing text to the right. Text exiting the screen to the right is removed. |
| ESC [ <n> P | DCH | Delete Character | Delete <n> characters at the current cursor position, shifting in space characters from the right edge of the screen. |
| ESC [ <n> X | ECH | Erase Character | Erase <n> characters from the current cursor position by overwriting them with a space character. |
| ESC [ <n> L | IL | Insert Line | Inserts <n> lines into the buffer at the cursor position. The line the cursor is on, and lines below it, will be shifted downwards. |
| ESC [ <n> M | DL | Delete Line | Deletes <n> lines from the buffer, starting with the row the cursor is on. |
Note
For IL and DL, only the lines in the scrolling margins (see Scrolling Margins) are affected. If no margins are set, the default margin borders are the current viewport. If lines would be shifted below the margins, they are discarded. When lines are deleted, blank lines are inserted at the bottom of the margins, lines from outside the viewport are never affected.
For each of the sequences, the default value for <n> if it is omitted is 0.
For the following commands, the parameter <n> has 3 valid values:
- 0 erases from the current cursor position (inclusive) to the end of the line/display
- 1 erases from the beginning of the line/display up to and including the current cursor position
- 2 erases the entire line/display
| Sequence | Code | Description | Behavior |
|---|---|---|---|
| ESC [ <n> J | ED | Erase in Display | Replace all text in the current viewport/screen specified by <n> with space characters |
| ESC [ <n> K | EL | Erase in Line | Replace all text on the line with the cursor specified by <n> with space characters |
Text Formatting
All commands in this section are generally equivalent to calling SetConsoleTextAttribute console APIs to adjust the formatting of all future writes to the console output text buffer.
This command is special in that the <n> position below can accept between 0 and 16 parameters separated by semicolons.
When no parameters are specified, it is treated the same as a single 0 parameter.
| Sequence | Code | Description | Behavior |
|---|---|---|---|
| ESC [ <n> m | SGR | Set Graphics Rendition | Set the format of the screen and text as specified by <n> |
The following table of values can be used in <n> to represent different formatting modes.
Formatting modes are applied from left to right. Applying competing formatting options will result in the right-most option taking precedence.
For options that specify colors, the colors will be used as defined in the console color table which can be modified using the SetConsoleScreenBufferInfoEx API. If the table is modified to make the “blue” position in the table display an RGB shade of red, then all calls to Foreground Blue will display that red color until otherwise changed.
| Value | Description | Behavior |
|---|---|---|
| 0 | Default | Returns all attributes to the default state prior to modification |
| 1 | Bold/Bright | Applies brightness/intensity flag to foreground color |
| 4 | Underline | Adds underline |
| 24 | No underline | Removes underline |
| 7 | Negative | Swaps foreground and background colors |
| 27 | Positive (No negative) | Returns foreground/background to normal |
| 30 | Foreground Black | Applies non-bold/bright black to foreground |
| 31 | Foreground Red | Applies non-bold/bright red to foreground |
| 32 | Foreground Green | Applies non-bold/bright green to foreground |
| 33 | Foreground Yellow | Applies non-bold/bright yellow to foreground |
| 34 | Foreground Blue | Applies non-bold/bright blue to foreground |
| 35 | Foreground Magenta | Applies non-bold/bright magenta to foreground |
| 36 | Foreground Cyan | Applies non-bold/bright cyan to foreground |
| 37 | Foreground White | Applies non-bold/bright white to foreground |
| 38 | Foreground Extended | Applies extended color value to the foreground (see details below) |
| 39 | Foreground Default | Applies only the foreground portion of the defaults (see 0) |
| 40 | Background Black | Applies non-bold/bright black to background |
| 41 | Background Red | Applies non-bold/bright red to background |
| 42 | Background Green | Applies non-bold/bright green to background |
| 43 | Background Yellow | Applies non-bold/bright yellow to background |
| 44 | Background Blue | Applies non-bold/bright blue to background |
| 45 | Background Magenta | Applies non-bold/bright magenta to background |
| 46 | Background Cyan | Applies non-bold/bright cyan to background |
| 47 | Background White | Applies non-bold/bright white to background |
| 48 | Background Extended | Applies extended color value to the background (see details below) |
| 49 | Background Default | Applies only the background portion of the defaults (see 0) |
| 90 | Bright Foreground Black | Applies bold/bright black to foreground |
| 91 | Bright Foreground Red | Applies bold/bright red to foreground |
| 92 | Bright Foreground Green | Applies bold/bright green to foreground |
| 93 | Bright Foreground Yellow | Applies bold/bright yellow to foreground |
| 94 | Bright Foreground Blue | Applies bold/bright blue to foreground |
| 95 | Bright Foreground Magenta | Applies bold/bright magenta to foreground |
| 96 | Bright Foreground Cyan | Applies bold/bright cyan to foreground |
| 97 | Bright Foreground White | Applies bold/bright white to foreground |
| 100 | Bright Background Black | Applies bold/bright black to background |
| 101 | Bright Background Red | Applies bold/bright red to background |
| 102 | Bright Background Green | Applies bold/bright green to background |
| 103 | Bright Background Yellow | Applies bold/bright yellow to background |
| 104 | Bright Background Blue | Applies bold/bright blue to background |
| 105 | Bright Background Magenta | Applies bold/bright magenta to background |
| 106 | Bright Background Cyan | Applies bold/bright cyan to background |
| 107 | Bright Background White | Applies bold/bright white to background |
Extended Colors
Some virtual terminal emulators support a palette of colors greater than the 16 colors provided by the Windows Console. For these extended colors, the Windows Console will choose the nearest appropriate color from the existing 16 color table for display. Unlike typical SGR values above, the extended values will consume additional parameters after the initial indicator according to the table below.
| SGR Subsequence | Description |
|---|---|
| 38 ; 2 ; <r> ; <g> ; <b> | Set foreground color to RGB value specified in <r>, <g>, <b> parameters* |
| 48 ; 2 ; <r> ; <g> ; <b> | Set background color to RGB value specified in <r>, <g>, <b> parameters* |
| 38 ; 5 ; <s> | Set foreground color to <s> index in 88 or 256 color table* |
| 48 ; 5 ; <s> | Set background color to <s> index in 88 or 256 color table* |
*The 88 and 256 color palettes maintained internally for comparison are based from the xterm terminal emulator. The comparison/rounding tables cannot be modified at this time.
Screen Colors
The following command allows the application to set the screen colors palette values to any RGB value.
The RGB values should be hexadecimal values between 0 and ff, and separated by the forward-slash character (e.g. rgb:1/24/86).
Note that this sequence is an OSC “Operating system command” sequence, and not a CSI like many of the other sequences listed, and as such start with “x1b]”, not “x1b[”.
| Sequence | Description | Behavior |
|---|---|---|
| ESC ] 4 ; <i> ; rgb : <r> / <g> / <b> ESC | Modify Screen Colors | Sets the screen color palette index <i> to the RGB values specified in <r>, <g>, <b> |
Mode Changes
These are sequences that control the input modes. There are two different sets of input modes, the Cursor Keys Mode and the Keypad Keys Mode. The Cursor Keys Mode controls the sequences that are emitted by the arrow keys as well as Home and End, while the Keypad Keys Mode controls the sequences emitted by the keys on the numpad primarily, as well as the function keys.
Each of these modes are simple boolean settings – the Cursor Keys Mode is either Normal (default) or Application, and the Keypad Keys Mode is either Numeric (default) or Application.
See the Cursor Keys and Numpad & Function Keys sections for the sequences emitted in these modes.
| Sequence | Code | Description | Behavior |
|---|---|---|---|
| ESC = | DECKPAM | Enable Keypad Application Mode | Keypad keys will emit their Application Mode sequences. |
| ESC > | DECKPNM | Enable Keypad Numeric Mode | Keypad keys will emit their Numeric Mode sequences. |
| ESC [ ? 1 h | DECCKM | Enable Cursor Keys Application Mode | Keypad keys will emit their Application Mode sequences. |
| ESC [ ? 1 l | DECCKM | Disable Cursor Keys Application Mode (use Normal Mode) | Keypad keys will emit their Numeric Mode sequences. |
Escape Sequence In Dev C 2b 2b 4
Query State
All commands in this section are generally equivalent to calling Get* console APIs to retrieve status information about the current console buffer state.
Note
These queries will emit their responses into the console input stream immediately after being recognized on the output stream while ENABLE_VIRTUAL_TERMINAL_PROCESSING is set. The ENABLE_VIRTUAL_TERMINAL_INPUT flag does not apply to query commands as it is assumed that an application making the query will always want to receive the reply.
| Sequence | Code | Description | Behavior |
|---|---|---|---|
| ESC [ 6 n | DECXCPR | Report Cursor Position | Emit the cursor position as: ESC [ <r> ; <c> R Where <r> = cursor row and <c> = cursor column |
| ESC [ 0 c | DA | Device Attributes | Report the terminal identity. Will emit “x1b[?1;0c”, indicating 'VT101 with No Options'. |
Tabs
While the windows console traditionally expects tabs to be exclusively eight characters wide, *nix applications utilizing certain sequences can manipulate where the tab stops are within the console windows to optimize cursor movement by the application.
The following sequences allow an application to set the tab stop locations within the console window, remove them, and navigate between them.
| Sequence | Code | Description | Behavior |
|---|---|---|---|
| ESC H | HTS | Horizontal Tab Set | Sets a tab stop in the current column the cursor is in. |
| ESC [ <n> I | CHT | Cursor Horizontal (Forward) Tab | Advance the cursor to the next column (in the same row) with a tab stop. If there are no more tab stops, move to the last column in the row. If the cursor is in the last column, move to the first column of the next row. |
| ESC [ <n> Z | CBT | Cursor Backwards Tab | Move the cursor to the previous column (in the same row) with a tab stop. If there are no more tab stops, moves the cursor to the first column. If the cursor is in the first column, doesn’t move the cursor. |
| ESC [ 0 g | TBC | Tab Clear (current column) | Clears the tab stop in the current column, if there is one. Otherwise does nothing. |
| ESC [ 3 g | TBC | Tab Clear (all columns) | Clears all currently set tab stops. |
- For both CHT and CBT, <n> is an optional parameter that (default=1) indicating how many times to advance the cursor in the specified direction.
- If there are no tab stops set via HTS, CHT and CBT will treat the first and last columns of the window as the only two tab stops.
- Using HTS to set a tab stop will also cause the console to navigate to the next tab stop on the output of a TAB (0x09, ‘t’) character, in the same manner as CHT.
Designate Character Set
The following sequences allow a program to change the active character set mapping. This allows a program to emit 7-bit ASCII characters, but have them displayed as other glyphs on the terminal screen itself. Currently, the only two supported character sets are ASCII (default) and the DEC Special Graphics Character Set. See http://vt100.net/docs/vt220-rm/table2-4.html for a listing of all of the characters represented by the DEC Special Graphics Character Set.
| Sequence | Description | Behavior |
|---|---|---|
| ESC ( 0 | Designate Character Set – DEC Line Drawing | Enables DEC Line Drawing Mode |
| ESC ( B | Designate Character Set – US ASCII | Enables ASCII Mode (Default) |
Notably, the DEC Line Drawing mode is used for drawing borders in console applications. The following table shows what ASCII character maps to which line drawing character.
| Hex | ASCII | DEC Line Drawing |
|---|---|---|
| 0x6a | j | ┘ |
| 0x6b | k | ┐ |
| 0x6c | l | ┌ |
| 0x6d | m | └ |
| 0x6e | n | ┼ |
| 0x71 | q | ─ |
| 0x74 | t | ├ |
| 0x75 | u | ┤ |
| 0x76 | v | ┴ |
| 0x77 | w | ┬ |
| 0x78 | x | │ |
Scrolling Margins
The following sequences allow a program to configure the “scrolling region” of the screen that is affected by scrolling operations. This is a subset of the rows that are adjusted when the screen would otherwise scroll, for example, on a ‘n’ or RI. These margins also affect the rows modified by Insert Line (IL) and Delete Line (DL), Scroll Up (SU) and Scroll Down (SD).
God of war chains of olympus game download for ppsspp. The scrolling margins can be especially useful for having a portion of the screen that doesn’t scroll when the rest of the screen is filled, such as having a title bar at the top or a status bar at the bottom of your application.
For DECSTBM, there are two optional parameters, <t> and <b>, which are used to specify the rows that represent the top and bottom lines of the scroll region, inclusive. If the parameters are omitted, <t> defaults to 1 and <b> defaults to the current viewport height.
Scrolling margins are per-buffer, so importantly, the Alternate Buffer and Main Buffer maintain separate scrolling margins settings (so a full screen application in the alternate buffer will not poison the main buffer’s margins).
| Sequence | Code | Description | Behavior |
|---|---|---|---|
| ESC [ <t> ; <b> r | DECSTBM | Set Scrolling Region | Sets the VT scrolling margins of the viewport. |
Window Title
The following commands allows the application to set the title of the console window to the given <string> parameter. The string must be less than 255 characters to be accepted. This is equivalent to calling SetConsoleTitle with the given string.
Note that these sequences are OSC “Operating system command” sequences, and not a CSI like many of the other sequences listed, and as such starts with “x1b]”, not “x1b[”.
| Sequence | Description | Behavior |
|---|---|---|
| ESC ] 0 ; <string> BEL | Set Icon and Window Title | Sets the console window’s title to <string>. |
| ESC ] 2 ; <string> BEL | Set Window Title | Sets the console window’s title to <string>. |
The terminating character here is the “Bell” character, ‘x07’
Alternate Screen Buffer
*Nix style applications often utilize an alternate screen buffer, so that they can modify the entire contents of the buffer, without affecting the application that started them. The alternate buffer is exactly the dimensions of the window, without any scrollback region.
For an example of this behavior, consider when vim is launched from bash. Vim uses the entirety of the screen to edit the file, then returning to bash leaves the original buffer unchanged.
| Sequence | Description | Behavior |
|---|---|---|
| ESC [ ? 1 0 4 9 h | Use Alternate Screen Buffer | Switches to a new alternate screen buffer. |
| ESC [ ? 1 0 4 9 l | Use Main Screen Buffer | Switches to the main buffer. |
Window Width
The following sequences can be used to control the width of the console window. They are roughly equivalent to the calling the SetConsoleScreenBufferInfoEx console API to set the window width.
Escape Sequence In Dev C 2b 2b 1b
| Sequence | Code | Description | Behavior |
|---|---|---|---|
| ESC [ ? 3 h | DECCOLM | Set Number of Columns to 132 | Sets the console width to 132 columns wide. |
| ESC [ ? 3 l | DECCOLM | Set Number of Columns to 80 | Sets the console width to 80 columns wide. |
Soft Reset
The following sequence can be used to reset certain properties to their default values.The following properties are reset to the following default values (also listed are the sequences that control those properties):
Escape Sequence In Dev C 2b 2b 3
- Cursor visibility: visible (DECTEM)
- Numeric Keypad: Numeric Mode (DECNKM)
- Cursor Keys Mode: Normal Mode (DECCKM)
- Top and Bottom Margins: Top=1, Bottom=Console height (DECSTBM)
- Character Set: US ASCII
- Graphics Rendition: Default/Off (SGR)
- Save cursor state: Home position (0,0) (DECSC)
| Sequence | Code | Description | Behavior |
|---|---|---|---|
| ESC [ ! p | DECSTR | Soft Reset | Reset certain terminal settings to their defaults. |
Input Sequences
The following terminal sequences are emitted by the console host on the input stream if the ENABLE_VIRTUAL_TERMINAL_INPUT flag is set on the input buffer handle using the SetConsoleMode flag.
There are two internal modes that control which sequences are emitted for the given input keys, the Cursor Keys Mode and the Keypad Keys Mode. These are described in the Mode Changes section.
Cursor Keys
| Key | Normal Mode | Application Mode |
|---|---|---|
| Up Arrow | ESC [ A | ESC O A |
| Down Arrow | ESC [ B | ESC O B |
| Right Arrow | ESC [ C | ESC O C |
| Left Arrow | ESC [ D | ESC O D |
| Home | ESC [ H | ESC O H |
| End | ESC [ F | ESC O F |
Additionally, if Ctrl is pressed with any of these keys, the following sequences are emitted instead, regardless of the Cursor Keys Mode:
| Key | Any Mode |
|---|---|
| Ctrl + Up Arrow | ESC [ 1 ; 5 A |
| Ctrl + Down Arrow | ESC [ 1 ; 5 B |
| Ctrl + Right Arrow | ESC [ 1 ; 5 C |
| Ctrl + Left Arrow | ESC [ 1 ; 5 D |
Numpad & Function Keys
| Key | Sequence |
|---|---|
| Backspace | 0x7f (DEL) |
| Pause | 0x1a (SUB) |
| Escape | 0x1b (ESC) |
| Insert | ESC [ 2 ~ |
| Delete | ESC [ 3 ~ |
| Page Up | ESC [ 5 ~ |
| Page Down | ESC [ 6 ~ |
| F1 | ESC O P |
| F2 | ESC O Q |
| F3 | ESC O R |
| F4 | ESC O S |
| F5 | ESC [ 1 5 ~ |
| F6 | ESC [ 1 7 ~ |
| F7 | ESC [ 1 8 ~ |
| F8 | ESC [ 1 9 ~ |
| F9 | ESC [ 2 0 ~ |
| F10 | ESC [ 2 1 ~ |
| F11 | ESC [ 2 3 ~ |
| F12 | ESC [ 2 4 ~ |
Modifiers
Alt is treated by prefixing the sequence with an escape: ESC <c> where <c> is the character passed by the operating system. Alt+Ctrl is handled the same way except that the operating system will have pre-shifted the <c> key to the appropriate control character which will be relayed to the application.
Ctrl is generally passed through exactly as received from the system. This is typically a single character shifted down into the control character reserved space (0x0-0x1f). For example, Ctrl+@ (0x40) becomes NUL (0x00), Ctrl+[ (0x5b) becomes ESC (0x1b), etc. A few Ctrl key combinations are treated specially according to the following table:
| Key | Sequence |
|---|---|
| Ctrl + Space | 0x00 (NUL) |
| Ctrl + Up Arrow | ESC [ 1 ; 5 A |
| Ctrl + Down Arrow | ESC [ 1 ; 5 B |
| Ctrl + Right Arrow | ESC [ 1 ; 5 C |
| Ctrl + Left Arrow | ESC [ 1 ; 5 D |
Note
Left Ctrl + Right Alt is treated as AltGr. When both are seen together, they will be stripped and the Unicode value of the character presented by the system will be passed into the target. The system will pre-translate AltGr values according to the current system input settings.
Samples
Example of SGR terminal sequences
The following code provides several examples of text formatting.
Note
In the previous example, the string 'x1b[31m' is the implementation of ESC [ <n> m with <n> being 31.
The following graphic shows the output of the previous code example.
Example of Enabling Virtual Terminal Processing
The following code provides an example of the recommended way to enable virtual terminal processing for an application. The intent of the sample is to demonstrate:
The existing mode should always be retrieved via GetConsoleMode and analyzed before being set with SetConsoleMode.
Checking whether SetConsoleMode returns
0and GetLastError returns STATUS_INVALID_PARAMETER is the current mechanism to determine when running on a down-level system. An application receiving STATUS_INVALID_PARAMETER with one of the newer console mode flags in the bit field should gracefully degrade behavior and try again.
Example of Select Anniversary Update Features
The following example is intended to be a more robust example of code using a variety of escape sequences to manipulate the buffer, with an emphasis on the features added in the Anniversary Update for Windows 10.
This example makes use of the alternate screen buffer, manipulating tab stops, setting scrolling margins, and changing the character set.
I'm a beginner in C++. I saw b and r in a program source code. I've seen n and I know its purpose. But why do we use r and b in C++? Please clear my doubt.
Thank You.
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Recommended Answers
See: http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/h21280bw(VS.80).aspx
For the implementations of n and rn on different systems (Win vs. *nix, and others) see: '>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newline
But basically,
b is a …
I'm a beginner in C++. I saw b and r in a program source code. I've seen n and I know its purpose. But why do we use r and b in C++? Please clear my doubt.
Thank You.
Those codes are called backslash codes (or character escape sequences), there's …
Jump to PostAll 8 Replies
See: http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/h21280bw(VS.80).aspx
For the implementations of n and rn on different systems (Win vs. *nix, and others) see: '>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newline
But basically,
b is a backspace and r is carriage return